Healthcare service is a constitutional right in Brazil, and everyone should have access to it regardless of their age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic class, or geographic location. Social care, however, is provided depending on the individual needs identified by social care workers jointly with healthcare staff, as well as the socioeconomic condition of the family/person in need. There are only a few public care homes nationally, and access to such facilities is limited to very poor people. Formal day-to-day home care is not provided by the public sector, and is usually taken over by the family.

Yes. For healthcare specialist services, referral from general practitioners or another speciality is required. For subsidised long-term care services, older adults have to be assessed as moderately or severely impaired via the Standardised Care Need Assessment Mechanism for Elderly Services (Legislative Council, 2017).

References:

Legislative Council. (2017). Support for Persons Suffering from Dementia and their Family Members. Hong Kong Retrieved from https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr17-18/english/panels/ws/papers/ws20171211cb2-452-6-e.pdf.

The criteria to be eligible for PUSAKA support are:

• Aged 60 and over,
• Widowed and from a poor family,
• Holding a residence card (KTP/national ID) and a letter of recommendation from the Head of Neighbourhood Association (RT/RW) and the Head of the Village (Lurah),
• Living within walking distance from the caregiver’s home.

However, in practice the programme was also open to the elderly who do not fulfil all the criteria (Do-Le & Raharjo, 2002).

References:

Do-Le, K. D., & Raharjo, Y. (2002). Community-Based Support for the Elderly in Indonesia: The Case of PUSAKA. “Southeast Asia’s Population In A Changing Asian Context,” June, 10–14.

Most residential homes do not have a clear admission policy except the ability to pay for the services (National Gender and Equality Commission, 2016).

References:

National Gender and Equality Commission. (2016). Audit of Residential Institutions of Older Members of Society in Selected Counties of Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.ngeckenya.org/Downloads/Audit%20of%20Residential%20Homes%20for%20Older%20Persons%20in%20Kenya.pdf

Care home services in general are available through private services for those who can afford them and through 10 public institutions that provide services for those who are destitute or have no family members to take care of them. This leaves a possible large group of older adults with no access to long-term care services.

See part 3. Access to care for eligible residents with dementia is universal and, other than aged residential care, is not means tested.

Access to community-based care is based on affordability. Charges for home-based care within the NGO/non-profit sector are assessed according to income and assessments of needs are done by an intake social worker (TAFTA, 2019a).

References:

TAFTA. (2019a). Home-based care. Available from: https://www.tafta.org.za/home-based-care/