We could not find precise estimates about that. However, based on data from the National Regulatory Agency for Private Health Insurances and Plans (ANS – Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar), we estimated that by the end of 2018, around 77% of the population were not covered by private health insurance (National Regulatory Agency for Private Health Insurances and Plans, 2019b).

References:

National Regulatory Agency for Private Health Insurances and Plans, M. (2019b). Caderno de Informação da Saúde Suplementar: Beneficiários, operadoras e planos. Março 2019. https://www.gov.br/ans/pt-br/arquivos/acesso-a-informacao/perfil-do-setor/dados-e-indicadores-do-setor/informacoes-gerais/total-cad-info-jun-2019.pdf

Health insurance is not mandatory in Hong Kong. Residents can choose to buy private health insurance based on their own needs. In 2016, 3.26 million people (47% of total population) were protected by private health insurance, comprising 1.48 million people with individual-based health insurance policies, 0.86 million people with group-based policies and 0.92 million people with both types of policies (The Legislative Council Secretariat, 2018). These health insurance claims are usually used for payments of specialist services and hospitalisation in the private sector since the patients can access healthcare services without waiting.

In April 2019, the Government officially launched the Voluntary Health Insurance Scheme (VHIS) that aims at encouraging the public to purchase health insurance in order to reduce the pressure on the public health system in the long run (Food and Health Bureau, 2019d). Hospital insurance products offered by various insurance companies which meet prescribed minimum standards, are certified under the VHIS. As an incentive for purchasing VHIS, an annual tax deduction up to HK$8,000 is provided per premium paid for certified insurance plans by each insured person and his/her dependants (The Legislative Council Secretariat, 2018). As of September 2019, the number of insurance policies purchased under VHIS exceeded 300 000.

References:

Food and Health Bureau. (2019d). Voluntary Health Insurance Scheme. About VHIS. Retrieved from https://www.vhis.gov.hk/en/about_us/scheme.html

Legislative Council Secretariat. (2018). Research Brief Issue No. 2 2017 – 2018 – The 2018-2019 Budget. Hong Kong: Legislative Council, HKSAR Retrieved from https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1718rb02-the-2018-2019-budget-20180412-e.pdf.

Less than 20% of the population was covered by any form of health insurance in 2014, based on the National Sample Survey (71st round) of household data (National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), 2015). An estimate of the National Health Profile (Central Bureau of Health Intelligence (CBHI), 2019), states that about 48 crore individuals were covered by any health insurance in 2017-2018, which is about 37.2% of the population. A more recent National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) 2019-2021, found that 41% of households with any usual member was covered under a health insurance/financing scheme. In principle, all citizens are eligible to receive health services in tax-financed public facilities (Gupta, 2020). In practice, there are major supply side constraints that limit access to public facilities, resulting in high out-of-pocket expenditures at private facilities by households (Gupta, 2020).

References:

Central Bureau of Health Intelligence (CBHI). (2019). National Health Profile. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. Available from http://www.cbhidghs.nic.in/showfile.php?lid=1147

Gupta, I. (2020). India | Commonwealth Fund. Commonwealthfund.org. Retrieved from: https://www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/countries/india.

National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). (2015). Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India Health -NSS 71^st Round. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. Available from https://www.thehinducentre.com/resources/article7378862.ece

It is estimated that 16 per cent of the Indonesian population was not covered by health insurance in 2017. The NIHS covered 70 per cent of the population and approximately 14 per cent of the population were covered through private health insurance (Agustina et al., 2019, p.90).

References:

Agustina, R., Dartanto, T., Sitompul, R., Susiloretni, K. A., Suparmi, Achadi, E. L., Taher, A., Wirawan, F., Sungkar, S., Sudarmono, P., Shankar, A. H., Thabrany, H., Susiloretni, K. A., Soewondo, P., Ahmad, S. A., Kurniawan, M., Hidayat, B., Pardede, D., Mundiharno, … Khusun, H. (2019). Universal health coverage in Indonesia: concept, progress, and challenges. The Lancet, 393(10166), 75–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31647-7

Only 20% of Jamaicans have either private or public health insurance, the majority of which are public sector workers (MOHW, 2019). This leaves 80% of the population, or approximately 2 million Jamaicans totally uninsured (Ministry of Health and Wellness NIHP Green Paper, 2019). It is not surprising then that in 2016, approximately 32% of Jamaicans reported that they were unable to access healthcare when they needed it due to the financial strain (JIS, 2019).

In terms of older Jamaicans, the National Council for Senior Citizens’ National Policy (Green Paper) (Ministry of Labour and Social Security, 2018) noted an improvement in the number of older persons with health insurance, which increased from 4% in 1995 to 23% in 2012, according to results from the Senior Citizens module of the 2012 Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions report (PIOJ, 2012). However, only 10% of persons in the lowest consumption group reported having health insurance coverage. The policy also noted that with 72% of the population having chronic illnesses, there needs to be better coverage of health insurance among older Jamaicans.

Of those who were covered by health insurance, most of this coverage came from the private sector. Only 3.8% of persons with health insurance were covered by the National Insurance (NIS) contributory scheme. Additionally, former Government employees were more likely to have insurance (compared with persons who had been self-employed).

With regards to pension coverage, the 2012 survey data shows that 64,1% of older persons benefitted from NIS pension. this represents a five-fold increase from 13.6 per cent reported in 1995. There was no real difference by gender, region, or age group noted. In 2014, a total of 103,158 persons benefited from NIS with 74 per cent (76,036) categorised as old age pension recipients.

For occupational pension plans, just over 48.0 per cent of older population who received a pension received less than $10,000.00 per month while 13.2 per cent of pensioners received $60,000.00 or more per month. More males than females received pensions of $60,000 or more. The greatest proportion of persons receiving occupational pensions was in the Kingston Metropolitan Area, while the lowest was in the Rural Areas (PIOJ, 2012).

References:

Ministry of Health and Wellness (MOHW). (2019). The Intervention. Available from: https://jis.gov.jm/media/2019/05/Sectoral-2019_Tufton-Speech-version_final.pdf

Ministry of Health and Wellness NIHP Green Paper. (2019). Green Paper on National Health Insurance Plan for Jamaica. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.jm/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/NHIP-Greenpaper-2019-Edited-7_5_19-Final.pdf

Ministry of Labour and Social Security. (2018). National Policy for Senior Citizens (Green Paper) 2018. https://opm.gov.jm/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Green-Paper-National-Policy-for-Senior-Citizens-1-1.pdf

PIOJ. (2012). Executive Summary: JSLC. In Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions.

References:

Kazungu, J. S., & Barasa, E. W. (2017). Examining levels, distribution and correlates of health insurance coverage in Kenya. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 22(9), 1175–1185.  https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12912

Kenya Healthcare Federation and Task Force Health Care. (2016). Kenyan Healthcare Sector: Opportunities for the Dutch Life Sciences & Health Sector. Nairobi, Kenya. http://khf.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2016-Kenyan-Healthcare-Sector-Report.pdf

According to INEGI, 17.3% of total population in 2015 was not covered by health insurance (INEGI, 2015a). People who are not affiliated to any social security institution (IMSS, ISSSTE, etc.) or public insurance mechanism (Seguro Popular) by law could access MoH services. However, it is frequent that only in the case of acute problems (heart attack) or accidents they would access these and most likely solve minor issues within the private sector, such as consultations within pharmacies in the private sector or private sector physicians, which can be found in most places, but this doesn’t necessarily equal optimal and quality care.

References:

INEGI. (2015a). Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, 1, 85–90.

Most health services are publicly funded for eligible individuals. Government funding of health and disability services means that eligible people may receive free inpatient and outpatient public hospital services, subsidies on prescription items and a range of support services for people with disabilities in the community.

The Government recommends that people who are not eligible for publicly funded services, or those who only have cover under the Reciprocal health agreements with Australia and the United Kingdom, also have health insurance, because the reciprocal agreements only cover immediate and necessary treatment on the same basis as New Zealanders. Visits to a general practitioner, non-urgent or discretionary services, rehabilitation, and repatriation are not funded within the reciprocal agreement (New Zealand Government, n.d.). As noted previously, about one third of the population has private health insurance. There is no data on how many non-eligible residents do not have health insurance.

References:

New Zealand Government. (n.d.). Getting publicly funded health services. New Zealand Government website. Available from: https://www.govt.nz/browse/health/public-health-services/getting-publicly-funded-health-services/.

As mentioned above, about 16% of the South African population is able to afford health insurance (Mahlathi & Dlamini, 2015), for which most part is concentrated in more urban areas (Competition Commission SA, 2018; StatsSA, 2016).

References:

Competition Commission SA. (2018). Health market injuiry. Available from:  http://www.compcom.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Executive-Summary.pdf

Mahlathi, P., & Dlamini, J. (2015). MINIMUM DATA SETS FOR HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH AND THE SURGICAL WORKFORCE IN SOUTH AFRICA’S HEALTH SYSTEM: A rapid analysis of stock and migration. Available from: http://www.prographic.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/0316-south-africa-case-studies-web.pdf

StatsSA. (2016). General Household Survey. Available from:  https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0318/P03182015.pdf